Nowadays, it is widely accepted that there is no single influence (be it nature or nurture) on cognitive development. Cognitive abilities emerge as a result of interactions between gene expression, cortical and subcortical brain networks, and environmental influences. In recent years, our study of neurodevelopmental disorders has provided much valuable information on how genes, brain development, behaviour, and environment interact to influence development from infancy to adulthood.

This is the first book to present evidence on development across the lifespan across these multiple levels of description (genetic, brain, cognitive, environmental). In the book, the authors have chosen a well-defined disorder, Williams syndrome (WS), to explore the impact of genes, brain development, behaviour, as well as the individual’s environment on development. WS is used as a model disorder to demonstrate the authors approach to understanding development, whilst being presented in comparison to other neurodevelopmental disorders – Autism, Developmental Dyscalculia, Down syndrome, Dyslexia, Fragile X syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Specific Language Impairment, Turner syndrome – to illustrate differences in development across neurodevelopmental disorders.

Williams syndrome is particularly informative for exploring development: Firstly, it has been extensively researched at multiple levels: genes, brain, cognition and behaviour, as well as in terms of the difficulties of daily living and social interaction. Secondly, it has been studied across the lifespan, with many studies on infants and toddlers with WS as well as a large number on children, adolescents and adults. The authors also explore a number of domain-general and domain-specific processes in the verbal, non-verbal and social domains, across numerous neurodevelopmental disorders. This illustrates, among other factors, the importance of developmental timing, i.e. that the development of a cognitive skill at a specific timepoint can impact on subsequent development within that domain, but also across domains. In addition, the authors discuss the value of investigating basic-level abilities from as close to the infant start-state as possible, presenting evidence of where cross-syndrome comparisons have shed light on the cascading impacts of subtle similarities and discrepancies in early delay or deviance, on subsequent development.

Designed such that readers with an interest in any neurodevelopmental disorder can gain insight into the intricate dynamics of cognitive development, the book covers both theoretical issues and those of clinical relevance. It will be an invaluable reference for any researcher, clinician, student as well as interested parents or teachers wishing to learn about neurodevelopmental disorders from a developmental framework.

Review

Contents

Chapter 1: Digital Occlusal Force Distribution Patterns (DOFDPs)
Chapter 2: Periodontal Treatment and Computerized Occlusal Analysis
Chapter 3: Force Finishing in Dental Medicine
Chapter 4: Dental Tissue Engineering Research and Translational Approaches towards Clinical Application
Chapter 5: Applications of Polymeric Micro- and Nano-Particles in Dentistry
Chapter 6: Adding Technology to Diagnostic Methods
Chapter 7: Dental Diagnosis From X-Ray Images Using Fuzzy Rule-Based Systems
Chapter 8: Thermal Evaluation of Myogenous Temporomandibular Disorders and Myofascial Trigger Points in the Masticatory Muscles
Chapter 9: Computerized Occlusal Analysis in Occlusal Splint Therapy
Chapter 10: Occlusal Considerations in the Hypersensitive Dentition
Chapter 11: Segmentation and Feature Extraction of Panoramic Dental X-Ray Images
Chapter 12: Using Online Social Networks for Increasing Health Literacy on Oral Health
Chapter 13: An Evaluation of Oral and Dental Health Services in Turkey and in the Member States of the EU in Terms of Economy
Chapter 14: The Acceptability of Teleconsultations in Teledentistry